Nonordinary Experiences, Well-being and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research

Throughout history, people across cultures have reported nonordinary experiences (NOEs) — including feelings of oneness with the universe, hearing voices, or sensing a divine presence — that form the basis of many spiritual and religious traditions. This systematic review synthesized findings from 157 empirical studies identified from a broad database search, examining the associations between NOEs, psychological well-being, and mental health indicators. Collectively, the evidence indicates that the relationship between NOEs and mental health is complex and highly context-dependent, modulated by a range of psychological, cultural, and social factors rather than reflecting a straightforward pathological or salutary effect. The authors offer a conceptual framework for future research and clinical practice that moves beyond simple pathologization or idealization of such experiences.